Principles Of Primary Health Care

Principles Of Primary Health Care This essay will discuss the principles of primary health care and its applicability in in Australian Indigenous communities. First it will discuss how and where primary Health Care came about. Secondly, this essay will talk about the social determinants of health and its principles, and the importance of community development and its principles. Finally it will discuss its relevance in Indigenous communities. The international movement to implement health service delivery that encompassed health promotion strategies. (S Couzos et al 2003) Strategies that examined food supply and nutritional and environmental factors in disease control, and provided for essential drugs and preventative intervention in addition to the delivery of primary medical care as defined by the World Health Organisation(WHO) conference in Alma Ata in 1978 and its subsequent declaration for primary health care. The International Conference on Primary Health Care was convened in Alma-Ata, Kazakhstan, in 1978, and was attended by virtually all the member nations of the World Health Organization (WHO) and UNICEF. The Alma-Ata Declaration of 1978 emerged as a major milestone of the twentieth century in the field of public health, and it identified primary health care (PHC) as the key to the attainment of the goal of Health for All (HFA). Alma-Ata Declaration. Encyclopaedia of Public Health. Ed. Lester Breslow. Gale Cengage, 2002. 26 April 2010 2:30 PM The following definition was developed by the Australian Primary Health Care Research Institute (APHCRI). Primary health care is socially appropriate, universally accessible, scientifically sound, first level care provided by health services and systems with a suitably trained workforce comprised of multidisciplinary teams supported by integrated referral systems in a way that: gives priority to those in need and addresses health inequalities; maximises community and individual self reliance, participation and control; and involves collaboration and partnership with other sectors to promote public health. Comprehensive primary health care includes health promotion, illness prevention, treatment and care of the sick, community development, and advocacy and rehabilitation. (Primary Health Care Readings 2010) According to Services for Australian Rural and Remote Allied Health SARRAH, the principles of primary health care are as follows equity, health promotion, working in teams, collaborating with others, working across the continuum of care, population health Approach, social determinants of health and consumer and community participation. (Primary Health Care Readings 2010) As an idealistic approach to health and health care, primary health care is characterised by an holistic understanding of health as wellbeing, rather than the absence of disease. Health promotion has been defined by the world health Organisations 2005 Bangkok Charter for Health Promotion in a Globalize World as the process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health. Wikipedia, Health promotion, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health promotion as of Apr. 26, 2010, 14:03 GMT. As stated in Social Determinants of Health: The Solid Facts (WHO, 2003): Health policy was once thought to be about little more than the provision and funding of medical care: the social determinants of health were discussed only among academics. This is now changing. While medical care can prolong survival and improve prognosis after some serious diseases, more important for the health of the population as a whole are the social and economic conditions that make people ill and in need of medical care in the first place. Nevertheless, universal access to medical care is clearly one of the social determinants of health. Wikipedia contributors. Social determinants of health. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia. Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopaedia, 12 Apr. 2010. Web. 26 Apr. 2010. The social determinants of health are income and social status, education, health literacy, healthy living conditions, racism, discrimination and culture, early life factors and genetics, lifestyle factors and access to health care. The presence of good health is dependent upon several determinants; health services are important, but equally important is access to housing, education, employment, communication and other services. Primary Health Care Definition, Goal, Principles and Strategies Community development principles, according to the Melbourne based Association of Neighbourhood Houses and Learning Centres (ANHLC) is as follows, community participation, community ownership, empowerment, lifelong learning, inclusion, access and equity, social action, advocacy, networking and self help. The health status of communities is both a function of and a reflection of development in those communities. The importance of community control is crucial in Primary Health Care; health services should reflect local needs and involve communities and individuals at all levels of planning and provision of services. Training, development and curriculum design should be based on community needs and priorities. Attitudes, knowledge and skills developed on promoting prevention, intervention healing and rehabilitative health care. Community participation and awareness, through education building and consciousness raising on health and health-related issues. Primary Health Care Definition, Goal, Principles and Strategies Care needs to be provided in the holistic context by culturally appropriately trained Aboriginal health professionals. This involves technology and working in collaboration with other agencies and services. This involves treatment of prevention of illnesses and management of chronic disease, provision of medication, rehabilitative services, maternal and child health, anti natal and postnatal care, counselling, environmental health and community support services such as school health, transport, advocacy and interesting services which, should me made accessible to communities or as close as possible to where they live. It should encompass prevention, intervention, health promotion, education to encourage participation and access to information, resources and services. The leads to empowerment, self reliance and self determination and development of knowledgeable communities. This is Primary Health Care.

I Hate About You is a relocation of the Taming

The Taming of the Shrew relocated to high school? Gill Gunner's 10 Things I Hate About You is undoubtedly more complicated than a relocation of Shakespearean The Taming of the Shrew into high school. The transformation of Shakespearean comedy Into the teen' movie genre and the integration of Elizabethan values enable the film to be a successful relocation of the play, yet the Incorporation of modern gender conventions discerns it as something more than a relocation. The culmination of these facets produce a cinematic masterpiece that draws parallelism to Shrew In a feminist perspective.The transformation of Shrews comedic genre into the teen' genre in 10 Things facilitates its relocation into high school. In Shrew, comedy revolves around the physical violence upon Kate, deception, and a play on words. The sight of a ‘shrew' physically subdued by a man would have been humorous to an Elizabethan audience. Humor is also evident in Epithetic and Skate's verbal battle, where elabora te puns are constructed. Women are made to bear and so are you' (11. 1. 200). Here, Epithetic twists the word ‘bear' into meaning ‘giving childbirth', thus twisting Skate's Insults Into Innuendo. Influenced by the teen' genre and the rise of fearfulness. N 10 Things, comedy exists verbally and in stereotypical teenage experiences. Ms Perks attempt to describe an erotic scene in her novel is evidence of verbal humor, similar to Pediatrics use of puns. The concept of growing up is embodied in Cat's antisocial behavior. Described as a heinous blotch', her unfriendly manner Illustrates her inability to accept her adolescence, such as dating. This is emphasized in the party scene, where the childhood swings she is sitting on Juxtapose against the adolescent party house In the background. The modern adaptation also explores teenage dating. Dating forms the basis of comedy.Blanch feels the urge to date for the purpose of fitting in to teenage culture. In the words, ‘I'm t he only girl that doesn't date,' Bianca suggests that her motivation for dating is due to peer pressure. The influence of peer pressure is also apparent in other movies based on a teen genre, such as Grease (1978) and The Breakfast Club (1985). By appealing directly to teenage audiences through common experiences, Shakespearean comedy is relocated into high school. The integration of money and status as Elizabethan values into 10 Things contributes to It being a successful relocation of Shrew.In Shakespearean comedy, marriage Is an opportunity for the men to acquire wealth and Increase their social status. Pedicurist's motives for journeying to Pad are solely to marry the daughter of an affluent father to increase his own wealth and status, or as he expresses it, to Wives and thrive' (1. 11. 42). The simplicity of Petroleum's Intentions accentuates the ease to which It can be accomplished, and therefore suggests that marriage Is a game signed and played by the men. These values are incorporated into the teen' adaptation by alternating the setting into high school.By incorporating the teen' Shakespearean work, dating is a tool used to gain money and popularity. Cameron and Michaels plot to use Joey, a wealthy ‘Coco, to bribe Patrick to date Kate is evidence of this. While this increases Patriot's money and allows Cameron and Joey to date Bianca, it also enables Michael to be ‘cool by association' to popular people, thus increasing his status among the school hierarchy. In such, the men benefit while the omen become puppets in a male plot. The similarities between money and status in Shrew and 10 Things depict a parallel course to which both texts extend.The distinction in gender conventions between 10 Things and Shrew is crucial in demonstrating that the modern version is more complicated than a high school relocation of the play. In Elizabethan England, women were the property of their men and were expected to loyally serve them. This convention is adequately expressed in Shakespearean drama, culminating in Skate's ‘submission' speech. In such, the use of juxtaposition comparing women to men in the words, ‘l see our lances are but straws/ Our strength as weak, our weakness past compare,' (V. I. 173-174) illustrates female submission to male superiority in a patriarchal society. In consideration of Skate's violent behavior, her acknowledgement of female servitude undermines her ‘shrewish' nature, and therefore demonstrates that she is tamed'. Elizabethan gender conventions are transformed to a more feminist and less sexist perspective in the movie, dictated by modern attitudes towards women. Women in 10 Things josses more control of themselves and exert greater influence, such as Banana's manipulation to induce her sister to date.Similar to Kate, Kate is a young independent woman who strongly supports feminism. In the words, Why should I live up to other people's expectations except for my own,' Kate demonstr ates she is uninfluenced from social oppression. In contrast to Pedicurist's use of physical violence of taming Kate, Patrick uses kindness to tame the wild beast' and socially conform her. The change in gender conventions while maintaining a similar characterization of Kate compels the elm to be a relocation of the play but in a more feminist outlook. 0 Things I Hate About You is a high school relocation of The Taming of the Shrew in a feminist viewpoint. The incorporation of the teen' movie genre and the values of money and status in the movie ensure the plays relocation into high school, while the change in gender conventions provides a more feminist perspective of the movie. The modern adaptation moves away from its misogynist basis and entertains a teenage audience by transforming aspects of Shakespearean drama into common adolescent experiences.

Reviving Ophelia Essay - 914 Words

Reviving Ophelia nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Mary Pipher, author of the book Reviving Ophelia, has made many observations concerning young adolescent girls in our society. She wrote this book in 1994, roughly eleven years ago. Although some of her observations made in the past are not still accurate in today’s world, there are many that are still present in 2005. The primary focus of Pipher’s comments is to explain how young girls are no longer being protected within our society. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;This female inferiority idea has been imbedded in the world for many years. Fairy tales are a very good example of how this notion has been present in the United States. The themes that exist in these stories normally deal†¦show more content†¦These efforts to please these three men cause her to go crazy with grief. Eventually, she drowns herself in a pond. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;One thing that Pipher describes is how girls’ views change as they enter adolescence. Lots of girls bury their childhood, and submissively enter adult existence. These girls who are becoming young women, according to Pipher, stop thinking. The main focus on their minds is, â€Å"What must I do to please others?† This thought is true to a certain extent in some young girls. It is true that many of the things that some girls do are solely for the purpose of living up to a societal expectation. Many of the beauty magazines portray images of supermodels; something that young girls may interpret as what the society expects. Also, all of the television and movie actors are very pretty, and many young girls are dying to fill out that expectation that seems to have been set for them. Although it seems clear that not everyone has â€Å"movie star good looks†, this idea can be hard for a young immature mind to grasp. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Something that Mary Pipher has brought up in the first chapter of her book was how society is causing young women to suffer many different problems. One of the most common and worst problems that arise is eating disorders. The media may be the culprit for this issue. Girls who are striving to be thin, and fit the mold of a star may never reach their goal, under natural conditions. As a resultShow MoreRelatedReviving Ophelia1717 Words   |  7 PagesThe book, Reviving Ophelia, is about the hardships girls go through when they are growing up and trudging through puberty. As the author Mary Pipher states it, adolescent girls tend to lose their â€Å"true selves† in order to fit in and comply with the standards that society sets for women. Pipher, a practicing therapist, uses her own case studies to show how pressures put on girls forces them to react in often damaging ways. In most case studies she tells the audience how she helped these girls healRea d More Reviving Ophelia Essay example1902 Words   |  8 PagesReviving Ophelia Adolescent girls growing up in today’s society endure many more hardships than in previous years. Adolescence is no longer a time of endless sunny days spent on the back porch with a glass of country time lemonade and a smile extending ear to ear. Adolescence for girls is now generalized as a dark and depressing period of life that often seems hopeless and never ending. Mary Pipher PH.D tries to illustrate just how drastically life has changed over the years for teenage girlsRead MoreThe Growth And Development Of Adolescence : Reviving Ophelia Essay1595 Words   |  7 Pagesrequired to read three books regarding the growth and development of adolescence; Reviving Ophelia by Mary Pipher, Ph.D., Boys Adrift by Leonard Sax, M.D., Ph.D., and The Teenage Brain by Frances E. Jensen, M.D. with Amy Ellis Nutt. Each book was for a different audience because they’re all discussing different topics but they all discuss the growth and development of adolescences in our society . Reviving Ophelia discusses the different types of scenarios Dr. Pipher faced in her practice with teenageRead MoreEssay on Book Report on Reviving Ophelia by Dr. Pipher1488 Words   |  6 PagesReviving Ophelia Dr. Pipher remembers her cousin Polly as a young girl. She describes her as energy in motion. A tomboy, Polly dances, plays sports with the neighborhood boys, and rides horses. Once Polly enters adolescence, however, other children begin teasing her about her tomboyish ways and insist that she be more ladylike. The boys exclude her from their activities, and the girls isolate her because she is different. Polly becomes confused and withdrawn. Later, Polly begins wearingRead MoreReviving Opheli Saving The Selves Of Adolescent Girls1360 Words   |  6 PagesReviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls, is author, Mary Pipher’s attempt to understand her experiences in therapy with adolescent girls (Pipher, p. 11). In the text adolescence is described as a border between childhood and adulthood (Pipher, p. 292). In her quest to understand adolescent girls, Pipher attempts to answer these questions: Why are so many girls in therapy in the 1990s? Why are there more self-mutilators? What is the meaning of lip, nose and eyebrow piercings? HowRead MoreHow Gender Role Socialization Effects Girls More Specifically, Depending On The Teenage Girls Developmental Level1280 Words   |  6 Pagesdecisions concerning how they will act, with who they will associate with, and what life decisions they will choose. Ultimately, the progression by which they determine their identity must inevitability be one of trial an d error. In the book Reviving Ophelia, clinical psychologist Dr. Mary Pipher discusses the social and cultural pressures faced by today s adolescent girls based on her individual clients’ stories. This paper will examine how gender role socialization effects girls more specificallyRead MoreThe Portrayal of Ophelia on Stage Over the Years959 Words   |  4 Pages------------------------------------------------- Portrayal Mary Catherine Bolton (afterwards Lady Thurlow) (1790-1830) as Ophelia in 1813, opposite  John Philip Kembles Hamlet While it is known that  Richard Burbage  played Hamlet in Shakespeares time, there is no evidence of who played Ophelia; since there were no professional actresses on the public stage in  Elizabethan England, we may be certain that she was played by a boy.[11] The  early modern  stage in England had an established set of  emblematic  conventions  forRead MoreReviving Opheli Saving The Selves Of Adolescent Girls881 Words   |  4 PagesWhile reading Mary Pipher’s, â€Å"Reviving Ophelia: Saving the Selves of Adolescent Girls† and Dan Kindlon and Michael Thompson’s, â€Å"Raising Cain: Protecting the Emotional Life of Boys,† I got a better understanding of the mindsets of teenagers in todays society. I learned that countless girls and boys have the same inner battles and do not even realize it. The two songs I chose that best represent ideas of woman and manhood are â€Å"Unpretty,† by TLC and â€Å"Stan,† by Eminem. I believe these songs support manyRead MoreEssay on Women Dont Exist in Their Own Right in the Play1641 Words   |  7 Pageswhat exactly do we mean? In my opinion the way the female characters, Ophelia and Gertrude, in `Hamlet exist, is the way in which they live, the way t hey are viewed by others in the play, and the way would be perceived by us, or the Elizabethan audience. We have to see exactly who the male characters are, and the different parts they play. In addition, this essay will attempt to discover exactly how Shakespeare used Ophelia and Gertrude for the plot, and consider if they exist in their own rightRead More Hamlet - Shakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Essay3388 Words   |  14 PagesShakespeares Ophelia as Modern Icon Shakespeares Ophelia is not lacking in attention. As one of Shakespeares most popular female characters she has enjoyed many appellations from the bard. Fair Ophelia. Most beautified Ophelia. Pretty Ophelia. Sweet Ophelia. Dear Ophelia. Beautiful Ophelia†¦sweet maid†¦poor wretch. Poor Ophelia. (Vest 1) All of these names for Ophelia can be found in Shakespeares The Tragedy of Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Since Shakespeares incarnation of Ophelia many

A Report On Computer System - 842 Words

Introduction In this report I will be highlighting improvements that need to be made on Mr John Opolot’s computer system and I will be explaining why these improvements are needed. These improvements following suggested improvements will be later implemented onto the computer system as this will aid him to combat the disabilities as well as increasing the speed of his system to make it more efficient and reliable as well as the performance being smooth whilst the system is operating. Software Improvements Software can be replaced with new versions or they can also be deleted if it is no longer needed. Updating software enable the computer system to have a better running performance also making the programs more useful towards the user.†¦show more content†¦Having such anti-virus software like this, Mr Opolot would be able to operate his computer system without any sorts of trouble. Installing Cleaner Software Having to install cleaner software such as CC Cleaner will help keep John’s computer system run smoothly as it will get rid of any unwanted files. John’s computer system runs Windows 7 and gives him the access to use Disk Clean Up. Using CC Cleaner rather than using the default disk clean up would help him to be able to scan and deleted files which are relevantly not needed a long with freeing up space on the internal hard drive. This will help to improve the performance of the computer. Uninstalling Software That Isn’t Needed Removing software from Mr John Opolot’s computer system will help free up system resources, not just disk space. This is because, whenever a program is launched with Windows, there would be a lot of memory and CPU resource consumption as well. Getting rid of the programs that Mr Opolot hardly uses will make a vast improvement on the computer system’s performance as well as the responsiveness. Upgrading OS (Operating System) Making the option to upgrade the current operating system (Windows 7 Professional 64bit) on Mr Opolot’s computer could make a drastic improvement. By upgrading the current