Pfizer corporation

Pfizer partnership Table of Consents1. Introduction2. Industry Environment3. Strategy4. Building Blocks Approach1) Short-term Liquidity2) Capital Structure and Long-term Solvency3) Asset Utilization4) Profit Margin5) Return on Investment5. Conclusion1. IntroductionPfizer is a worldwide pharmaceutical and shopper items organization, which finds, creates, makes, and markets drugs for people and creatures. The organization comprises of three SBU's (Strategic Business Units):- Pharmaceutical-Animal Health-*Consumer Health CareThe organization delivers the feebleness treatment Viagra, cholesterol bringing down Lipitor and, for hypertension and angina, Norvasc. The creature division produces treatment both for domesticated animals and pets. The organization's purchaser division delivers the buyer drugs Listerine, Certs, Dentyne. Pfizer participates in universal business both through their auxiliaries and merchants. The organization's central command are situated in New York, US.Pfizer is a pioneer in the exp loration based social insurance industry, and its qualities lie in its inventive RD and solid advertising capabilities.English: The wharf on The Long Reach The buildings...When Pfizer's tasks started in 1849, its emphasis was on the innovative work of imaginative pharmaceutical mixes, and it is this movement, which remains center to the organization's interests.The organization follows its causes back to 1849 when cousins Charles Pfizer and Charles Erhart established Charles Pfizer and Company in Brooklyn, New York. In 1928, Dr. Alexander Fleming's disclosure of penicillin began the development of present day medication and offered trust in the fight against disease. In any case, penicillin couldn't be made in huge amounts to help individuals until Pfizer spearheaded its mass production.The achievement of penicillin lead to the organization's first sale of stock in June 1942. In 1950, Terramycin (oxytetracycline), a wide range anti-toxin spoke to the consequence of the organization' s first revelation program and turned into the principal pharmaceutical sold in the US under the Pfizer label.A new pharmaceutical organization had been conceived. The second...

Judicial Retirement - A Supreme Idea? Essay -- U.S. Justice System

Incomparable Court Justice Anthony McLeod Kennedy (brought into the world July 23, 1936) as of late turned 75. Equity Kennedy is viewed as the â€Å"swing vote† on the current Supreme Court. He as of late told colleagues that he doesn't anticipate leaving the Court at any point in the near future (DeFrank). We will in general hold judges in high regard; that they are unrivaled in information, shrewdness, and decency at the same time, truly, they have deficiencies and flaws simply like all of us. Our Constitution permits our judges to sit on the Court forever, named as â€Å"good behaviour† (â€Å"U. S. Constitution†). Equity Kennedy has all the earmarks of being in acceptable mental and physical wellbeing, yet it has not generally been so with each equity. When does one become excessively old? Is it an opportunity to engage an alteration to the Constitution that tends to this issue, or would testing and training settle this point being referred to? Before, judges have been for the most part protected from the open eye in this way, generally, diseases and mental haggardness went unnoticed. Today, with the capacity for broad media inclusion, it has gotten hard for judges to shroud the states of their wellbeing. Justices’ ages and mental skill are not simply late contemplations. In addition, the answers for a portion of the issues that have emerged have not generally been the most great. One strategy for dodging a weakened Court is pass a Constitutional Amendment. It would take an alteration to force a required retirement age since the Constitution guarantees the judges life residency to make sure about their legal autonomy. This new correction would propose to eliminate more established judges with an end goal to be the most valuable to general society for which they are intended to serve. Imprint Levin writes in the pr... ...(Oyez) Lazarus, Edward. The Problem of Supreme Court Justices' Remaining on the Bench Too Long: Although It's a Genuine Concern, Recently-Suggested Reforms Are More Dangerous Than the Status Quo. FindLaw. Thomson Reuters, 14 Apr 2009. Web. 19 Apr 2012. . Levin, Mark R. Men dressed in Black: How the Supreme Court is Destroying America. Washington, DC: Regency Publishing, Inc., 2005. Print. Toobin, Jeffrey. The Nine, Inside The Secret World Of The Supreme Court. New York: Grapple, 2008. Print. U.S. Constitution. U.S. Constitution. Law Revision Counsel of the U.S. Place of Represen, 2004. Web. 15 Mar 2012. . Lewis, John G. Individual Interview. 25 Mar 2012. Payton, John. Individual Interview. 18 Apr 2012.

How to Cite a Dr. Seuss Quote

How to Cite a Dr. Seuss Quote (2) Have you ever eaten Green Eggs and Ham? Maybe not, but you’ve probably read the book when you were young! It was written by Dr. Seuss, the well-known pen name of American children’s author Theodor Seuss Geisel. He’s famous for works such as The Cat in the Hat, Horton Hears a Who, and The Lorax. He would go on to publish over 40 children’s books until his death in 1991. There are many well-known and often reproduced quotes and sayings by Geisel that have been published in other works of literature and are often used in academic papers. Do you want to cite a quote by Dr. Seuss in your paper? Read on for tips and formatting examples for how to cite a Dr. Seuss quote in MLA style, APA, and Chicago formats. In this guide, we will use the following quote by Dr. Seuss’ Oh, The Places You’ll Go! as an example: “Be sure when you step, step with care and great tact. And remember that life’s a great balancing act.” Oh, The Places You’ll Go! Information you may need to cite a Dr. Seuss quote: Author or authors The title of the book or website where you found the quote Publisher name Date published Location of publisher Page numbers URL (if used to locate the quote) Cite a Dr. Seuss quote in print in MLA format: MLA format citation structure: Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. Example citation: Seuss, Dr. Oh, The Places You’ll Go!. Random House, 1990. If you’re looking for more MLA help on creating a full MLA Works Cited page, or an MLA annotated bibliography, check the EasyBib Writing Center for resources. Cite a Dr. Seuss quote found online in MLA format: MLA format citation structure: Author Last Name, First Name. Book Title. Publisher, Year. Website Title, URL..p Example citation: Seuss, Dr. Oh, The Places You’ll Go!. Random House, 1990. Google Books, books.google.com/books?id=1q_xAwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=oh+the+places+you%27ll+gohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiYy8bSjOTiAhWDYysKHWYXC8MQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepageq=oh%20the%20places%20youll%20gof=false Cite a Dr. Seuss quote in print in APA format: APA reference structure: Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year) Book title. City, State Published: Publisher. Example reference: Seuss, Dr. (1990). Oh, the places you’ll go!. New York, NY: Random House. Cite a Dr. Seuss quote found online in APA format: APA reference structure: Author Last Name, First Initial. (Year) Book title. Retrieved from URL. Example reference: Seuss, Dr. (1990). Oh, the places you’ll go!. Retrieved from //books.google.com/books?id=1q_xAwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=oh+the+places+you%27ll+gohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiYy8bSjOTiAhWDYysKHWYXC8MQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepageq=oh%20the%20places%20youll%20gof=false Cite a Dr. Seuss quote in print in Chicago Style: Chicago citation structure: Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. Example citation: Seuss, Dr. Oh, The Places You’ll Go!. New York: Random House, 1990. Cite a Dr. Seuss quote found online in Chicago Style: Chicago citation structure: Last name, First name. Title of Book. Place of publication: Publisher, Year of publication. URL. Example citation: Seuss, Dr. Oh, The Places You’ll Go!. New York: Random House, 1990. //books.google.com/books?id=1q_xAwAAQBAJprintsec=frontcoverdq=oh+the+places+you%27ll+gohl=ensa=Xved=0ahUKEwiYy8bSjOTiAhWDYysKHWYXC8MQ6AEIKjAA#v=onepageq=oh%20the%20places%20youll%20gof=false Now that you’ve cited your sources, give the EasyBib plagiarism tool a try. If youre in need of more quotes, review our other EasyBib topic guides on Martin Luther King Jr., Albert Einstein, and other quotable figures!

Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim - 1316 Words

There used to be a time when societies consisted of a ruling class and a class that was ruled. Those in the class that was ruled, the â€Å"proletariat†, worked under the instructions and demands of the class that was ruling, the â€Å"bourgeoisie†. Although the proletariats were overworked, they were underpaid - but were paid enough to barely survive. However, all of that had changed when Capitalism and industrialization have been introduced to the world. Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim had different views on what the important aspects are that made up â€Å"modern† society. To Marx, the conflict between the classes and the division of labour caused social structures, which, as a result, caused alienation, which, according to Marx, are important aspects†¦show more content†¦According to Durkheim, to get over anomie, one must turn to religion because religion acts as a collective conscious - a shared set of beliefs, norms, and values amongst people. This i s to help people of all classes or social structures be in solidarity with one another. So, while Marx saw conflict in the society as a bad thing, Durkheim saw it as possibly good. Although the two theorists differ in this, they are similar on the topic of alienation and anomie. The difference, however, is in regards to exploitation. In Marx’s alienation, there is exploitation of the working class by the higher class, causing deterioration and problems. In Durkheim’s anomie, the problems of the working class is not caused by the Capitalists, but are caused by the complicatedness of society. I think it’s difficult to choose one theorist to agree with, specially in today’s society. With Marx, I agree that workers become â€Å"machines† in order to make ends meet. However, I would not use the word â€Å"alienation† here. In this case, I would simply say that the workers are discontent, because not all workers dislike their jobs. With Durkheim, I agree that it is rare for people to be alienated, especially for people working in retail - surrounded by other workers and customers everyday. I think economic specialization is notShow MoreRelatedEmile Durkheim And Karl Marx Essay1709 Words   |  7 Pages(Bratton Denham, 2014). Two of the main sociological theorists, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, had different understandings of the notion about the division of labor. This topic has been contested and debated by many theorists but this paper is going to focus on how Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx views this topic. Karl Marx views the division of labor as a process that alienates the individual from their work (Llorente, 2006). Marx also views the division of labor as a way for the capitalist bourgeoisieRead MoreEmile Durkheim And Karl Marx746 Words   |  3 PagesEmile Durkheim and Karl Marx are considered the founding fathers of sociology. Both men had an influence on the development of sociology. Marx and Durkheim differed i n their idea of what alienation consisted of. For Marx, the issue was class conflict. While, for Durkheim, it was a disordered society trying to adapt. Although they both had different concepts of alienation, both men believed that alienation lead to a man’s disconnectedness with society and their natural state of mind. Durkheim andRead MoreKarl Marx And Emile Durkheim Essay1976 Words   |  8 Pages Writing in the late 19th and early 20th century, during a drastic period of change, Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim, two of sociology’s most renowned thinkers, challenged multiple facets of the capitalist social structures in which they found themselves. Marx, a conflict theorist, and Durkheim, a functionalist, sought to analyze and explain capitalist society. In this brief analysis, their theories regarding the will be compared, contrasted, and critically engaged with - highlighting the differencesRead MoreKarl Marx And Emile Durkheim1149 Words   |  5 Pages Is society c reated by class conflicts or by religious teachings? Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim opine in a polarizing fashion on the framework and functioning of a society; one asserts that conflict shapes society, the other argues that society is a product cohesion due to the presence of the quintessential social fact, religion. Religion fosters a collective conscious on grounds of shared beliefs and values, argues Durkheim. Marx, on the other hand, claims that social classes and the conflict betweenRead MoreEmile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx1689 Words   |  7 Pages------------------------------------------------- Emile Durkheim vs. Karl Marx Durkheim vs. Marx Introduction: For so many years, authorities from each field have deliberated normative theories to explain what holds the society together. Almost each specialist, from structural functionalism, positivism and conflict theory perspective, had contributed their works trying to illustrate main problematic to our society. In one way, one of the Emile Durkheim’s famous work is â€Å"division of labor† whichRead MoreEssay on Perspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx1215 Words   |  5 PagesPerspectives of Emile Durkheim and Karl Marx The seventeenth and eighteenth centuries were full of evolving social and economic ideas. These views of the social structure of urban society came about through the development of ideas taken from the past revolutions. As the Industrial Revolution progressed through out the world, so did the gap between the class structures. The development of a capitalist society was a very favorable goal for the upper class. By using advanced methods of productionRead MoreKarl Marx, Max Weber And Emile Durkheim1447 Words   |  6 Pageswill be a part of culture and society. Karl Marx, Max Weber, and Emile Durkheim are the top three most important figures in sociology; and although each of them viewed religion differently, I strongly believe that they understood its power, and demonstrated its importance to people and societies. As such, I will utilize all three of these great minds, to demonstrate religion as an important and permanent part of culture and society. Let s begin with Karl Marx, and his conflict theory. AccordingRead MoreKarl Marx, Emile Durkheim And Max Weber929 Words   |  4 Pagespeople did not have in the past such as getting food from the grocery store instead of having to find food on our own. Society was originally focused on a single belief, but now our society has expanded and several beliefs are now common. Karl Marx, Emile Durkheim, and Max Weber all have their own observations on social change and order and how certain things dramatically affect the outcome of a society. Marx’s view on social change is influenced by the class struggle that involved the rulingRead MoreComparison Between Karl Marx And Emile Durkheim1501 Words   |  7 Pagesurban theorists as found in Chapter 1 of the course text. (300-400 words) The two theorists i’ve decided to compare and contrast are Karl Marx and Emile Durkheim. Firstly i’ll compare them to one another. From all the readings I did and past education on these individuals I found they have a lot of the same views in regards to religion. Both Emlie Durkheim and Karl Marx believe that religion is a projection of mans hopes and desires. They both also agree that religion plays a powerful role in influencingRead MoreEmile Durkheim, Karl Marx And Max Weber1827 Words   |  8 Pages Emile Durkheim, Karl Marx and Max Weber are considered to be three canon social theorists who laid the foundation of sociology and contributed, in detailed accounts, the fundamentals of study of society. Each theorist belongs to a different school of thought and presents separate theories on how societies work. While there are bits and parts that might seem similar in each theorist’s social theory, each theorist largely differs from each other. Durkheim, Marx and Weber, among other things, also

The Black Lives Matter Movement - 886 Words

The Black Lives Matter movement began as a social media hashtag. Hashtags identify a subject matter that should be discussed among social media aficionados. As time went on and the injustice against African Americans began to concern the public, this hashtag rallied numerous Americans of different ethnicities, backgrounds, and religions together for a cause. This cause was the deaths of unarmed black men and women from the hands of the police and the prejudice against African Americans because of their skin color and their cultural backgrounds. The Black Lives Matter movement began with smaller protestors who were angered by the deaths of Trayvon Martin, Michael Brown, and Eric Garner, and quickly grew to become a powerful group who has the main focus of creating change. The Black Lives Matter movement was not created to disrupt society or indicate that African Americans are anti-white. It is about much more than police brutality or the death of individual black men and women. It is about where Black Americans stand and what it means to be black in today’s society. This organization was created to bring about change. The purpose is not to segregate but to unite. Those who oppose the movement are convinced that this is an attack on America and its Caucasian population. This is understandable based on the history of the country. Some critics of the movement blame Black Lives Matter for worsening race relations in recent years. This can be expected because the tension betweenShow MoreRelatedThe Black Lives Matter Movement1356 Words   |  6 Pagesthe product of racial profiling, a movement has risen up to combat these common issues. The most recent and most well-covered is the Black Lives Matter Movement. Even though it has been lauded by some m edia sources and individuals as the next great movement to champion for civil rights, the Black Lives Matter movement is not the same as the African-American Civil Rights Movement of the 1960s nor is it likely to be as successful. If the Black Lives Matter Movement continues with discrepancies in ideologyRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement790 Words   |  4 Pagescitizens rose up to demand a change, known as the Black Lives Matter movement. Due to others not clearly understanding the mission, the connotation associated with the movement has turned negative from conservative media. Those participating in the protest for a better justice system have been painted as hoodlums, racist, and disturbers of peace. The news outlets have become biased on the information presented to the public, in fact the updates of the movement have begun to play on the fear of the viewersRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1179 Words   |  5 PagesThe Black Lives Matter movement has swept acros s America. It s branched out with chapters in over 31 cities and held rallies and boycotts across the United States(Sidner). The Black Lives Matter movement started with the outrage of the death of a young man. It continues to take over headlines and raise awareness on police brutality and inequality. However, the movement has met resistance from the All Lives Matter group. This group thinks that Black Lives Matter is a movement to express hatred towardsRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement872 Words   |  4 PagesPaper 5 Black Lives Matter Movement A close examination of the online representation of a fringe community or counterculture would be the Black Lives Matter movement. The Black Lives Matter movement is a community in America that has represented itself after all of the many innocent African American lives that have taken by law enforcement and the Caucasian male who went into the Emanuel African Methodist Episcopal Church and opened fire on the members of the church. The Black Lives Matter movementRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1235 Words   |  5 Pagestheir anger and sadness about the result with the Black Lives Matter hashtag. While there were many documented cases of police brutality before Michael Brown’s death, this was the one that truly popularized the Black Lives Matter Movement (Acosta). The Black Lives Matter movement is â€Å"working for a world where Black lives are no longer systematically and intentionally targeted for demise† (About), as well as highlighting the contributions Bl ack lives have made to society. Media have a strong influenceRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement893 Words   |  4 PagesDiscrimination is a struggle that African Americans know all too well. The Black Lives Matter strives to stand up for those wronged by society and also raise awareness to an issue that has surprisingly gone unresolved. The articles â€Å" Black lives Matter: A movement takes shape†, and â€Å" The condition of black lives is one of mourning â€Å" both show the dire need for the black lives matter movement through a combination of appeals that allows them to draw attention to different aspects of the problems withoutRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Is A Movement1659 Words   |  7 PagesIn 2013, a movement called Black Lives Matter, started to advocate their motto and cause for stopping police brutality and racial injustice. The movement is being supported by many other African Americans and TV networks like B.E.T. Black Lives Matter is a movement that began after George Zimmerman was found not guilty of the murder of Trayvon Martin. The movement grew stronger after the death of two unarmed African Americans last year, Michael Brown of Ferguson, Missouri and Eric Garner of New YorkRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement Essay1570 Words   |  7 PagesThe Black Lives Matter movement was created in 2013 after the acquittal of Trayvon Martin’s killer, and after the killing of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. In 2014, the phrase became a bold component for a new chapter in an age old historical fight to end social injustices. But the movement’s disruptive protests’ and passionate public speeches about racial inequality have been concerning to many American citizens who are curious about what the goal is for this generation of protesters. OneRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1453 Words   |  6 PagesThe black lives matter movement has been in the news is a major social movement since Mike Brown was shot in Ferguson Missouri. Sin ce that event, there have been many spin-offs to the black lives matter cause. White lives matter, blue lives matter, and Hispanic lives matter. This has become a more divisive idea instead of being a cause that can invoke change. Given my background and personal experience, all lives matter; even the ones that wear bulletproof vests and guns on their hip. People seeRead MoreThe Black Lives Matter Movement1655 Words   |  7 Pagesfighting for respect for a single human life, blacks are focused on the safety of their community while the whites are fighting to keep respect and gain safety. The Black Lives Matter movement, also known as BLM, has been occurring since 2013 when the #blacklivesmatter began trending on Twitter after the death of Trayvon Martin. This movement was not started to cause problems, but only as a support group for the African American community. As growth to the movement occurred, the retaliation levels jumped

Kabaddi South Asian Games and Bonus Line Free Essays

string(67) " the game to the National platform and give it further popularity\." Kabaddi is aptly known as the â€Å"GAME OF THE MASSES â€Å"due to its popularity, simplicity, easy to comprehend rules, and public appeal. The game calls for no sophisticated equipment what so ever, which makes it a very popular sport in the developing countries. It is basically an out door sport played on clay court, of late the game is being played on synthetic surface indoors with great success. We will write a custom essay sample on Kabaddi: South Asian Games and Bonus Line or any similar topic only for you Order Now The duration of the game is 45 minutes for MEN Junior BOYS with a 5 minutes break in between for the teams to change sides. The duration of the game is 35 minutes with a 5 miniutes break in between for WOMEN, GIRLS, Sub-Junior BOYS and Sub-Junior GIRLS. Kabaddi is a combative team game, played on a rectangular court, either out-doors or indoors with seven players on the ground for each side. Each side takes alternate chances of offence and defense. The basic idea of the game is to score points by raiding into the opponents court and touching as many defense players as possible without getting caught on a single breath. During play, the players on the defensive side are called â€Å"Antis† while the player of the offense is called the â€Å"Raider†. Kabaddi is perhaps the only combative sport in which attack is an individual attempt while defense is a group effort. The attack in Kabaddi is known as a ‘Raid’. The antis touched by the raider during the attack are declared ‘out’ if they do not succeed in catching, the raider before he returns to home court. These players can resume play only when their side scores points against the opposite side during their raiding turn or if the remaining players succeed in catching the opponent’s raider. Yoga, the Indian science to control body and mind through meditation and self-control . lays an integral part of Kabaddi. The raider has to enter the opponent’s court chanting the word â€Å"Kabaddi† while holding his breath and has to continue to do so until he returns to his home court. This is known as ‘Cant’, which is closely related to â€Å"Pranayama† of yoga. While Pranayama is about with holding breath in order to exerci se internal organs, cant is the means to with hold breath with vigorous physical activity. This is perhaps one of the few sports to combine yoga with hectic physical activity. The game calls for agility, good lung capacity, muscular co-ordination, presence of mind and quick responses. For a single player to take on seven opponents is no mean task, requires dare as well as an ability to concentrate and anticipate the opponent’s moves. TECHNIQUES OF KABADDI TOP ORIGIN The sport has a long history dating back to pre-historic times. It was probably invented to ward off croup attacks by individuals and vice-versa. The game was very popular in the southern part of Asia played in its different forms under different names. A dramatized version of the great Indian epic, the â€Å"Mahabharata†. has made an analogy of the game to a tight situation faced by Abhimaneu, the heir of ‘ the Pandava kings when he is surrounded on all sides by the enemy. Buddhist literature speaks of the Gautam Buddha playing Kabaddi for recreation. History also reveals that princes of yore played Kabaddi to display their strength and win their brides! The game, known as Hu-Tu-Tu in Western India, Ha-Do-Do in Eastern India Bangladesh, Chedugudu in Southern India and Kaunbada in Northern India, has undergone a sea chance through the ages. Modem Kabaddi is a synthesis of the game played in its various forms under different names. TOP FORMS OF KABADDI AMAR Amar literally means invincible. This is a form of Kabaddi, which is played based -on points scored by both sides. The play field has no specific measurements and nine to eleven players constitute each of the teams. In this form of Kabaddi, there is no ‘out’ and . revival’ system or ‘Iona’ but time is the deciding factor. The main advantage of this form of the game is that tile players remain in the court through out the match and are able to give their best performance GEMINI This form of Kabaddi is played with nine players on either side, in a play-field of no specific measurements. The principle characteristic of this form of Kabaddi is that a player who is put out has to remain out until all his team members are put out. The team that is successful in putting out all the players of the opponent’s side secures a point. This is akin to the present system of ‘Iona’. After all the players are put out, the team is revived and the game continues. The game continues until five or seven ‘Iona’ are secured. The game has no fixed time. The main disadvantage of this form of Kabaddi is that the player Is not in position to give his best performance since he is likely to remain out for the better part of the match until a Iona is scored. SANJEEVANI This form of Kabaddi is the closest to the present game. In this form of Kabaddi, players are put out and revived and the game lasts for 40 minutes with a 5-minute break in between. The team consists of nine players on each side. The team that puts out all the players on the opponent’s side scores four extra points for a ‘Iona’. The winning team is the one that scores the maximum number of points at the end of 40 minutes. The play field is bigger in this form of Kabaddi and the ‘cant’ was different in various regions. Modem Kabaddi resembles this form of Kabaddi a great deal especially with regard to ‘out revival system’ and ‘Iona’. The present form of Kabaddi is a synthesis of all these forms of Kabaddi with a good number of changes in the rules and regulations. TOP THE GAME’S HISTORY Kabaddi attained National status in the year 1918. Maharashtra was the pioneer state to bring the game to the National platform and give it further popularity. You read "Kabaddi: South Asian Games and Bonus Line" in category "Essay examples" Standard rules and regulations were formulated in 1918 but were brought out in print in the year 1923 and in this very year, an All India Tournament was organized at Baroda with these rules. Kabaddi has not looked back since then and numerous tournaments are organized all over the country through out the year. Kabaddi received its first Inter-National exposure during the 1936 Berlin Olympics, demonstrated by Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra. The game was introduced in the Indian Olympic Games at Calcutta, in the year 1938. It was in 1950, that the All India Kabaddi Federation came into existence. Regular conduct of National level championships as per laid down rules and regulations began with effect from the year 1952. After the formation of the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the first men’s Nationals were held in Madras (now re-named Chennai), while the women’s Nationals were held in Calcutta in the year 1955. The rules were modified and some changes were introduced to the game during the National Championships held at New Delhi in the year 1954. Efforts were made to demonstrate the game in the World Youth Festival held at Moscow in the year 1957, but due to various unforeseen reasons, this could not be accomplished. The game was included in the curriculum of the Indian University Sports Control Board as a main sports discipline in the year 1961. The game got further recognition when the School Games Federation of India included it in the school games in the year 1962. This body has taken up the responsibility of organizing state and national level competitions for school going children all over the country in various sports on a regular basis, every year. The Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India, the new body, came into existence in the year 1972. This body was formed with a view to popularize the game in the neighboring countries and organize regular National level Men and Women tournaments. After the formation of this body, sub-junior and junior sections were included in Kabaddi national level tournaments, as a regular feature. Kabaddi was included in the curriculum of Regular Diploma courses in coaching conducted by the National Institute of Sports, the premier institute to develop sports in the country with effect from the year 1971. There after, qualified coaches in Kabaddi are being produced every ear. The neighboring countries, Nepal Bangladesh also send I their coaches for the diploma course in various disciplines including Kabaddi, regularly. These qualified coaches are equipped to train players at different levels in a systematic manner with sports science back up. In the year 1974, the Indian men’s team toured Bangladesh as part of the cultural exchange program to play five test matches in different parts of the country. The Bangladesh returned the visit in the year 1979 and played five test matches in India. The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation was formed in the year 1978, during the silver jubilee celebrations of National Kabaddi Championships in India, organized at Bhilai, Madhya Pradesh. The first Asian Championship in Kabaddi was organized in Calcutta, in the year 1980. A goodwill tour was organized in the year 1981 in which, the Indian men women teams visited Thailand, Japan and Malaysia to play exhibition Kabaddi matches. Federation Cup Kabaddi matches also commenced in the year 1981. Kabaddi was included as a demonstration game in the IX Asian Games hosted by India in the year 1982. In the year 1984, an open Inter- National tournament was organized at Bombay (now renamed as Mumbai), in India. During the Tri-Centenary celebrations of the city of Calcutta, an Inter-National Invitation Kabaddi Tournament was organized in the city. The South Asian Federation included Kabaddi as a regular sports discipline from the year 1984. Kabaddi was played for first time in the SAF games at Dacca, Bangladesh. Since then Kabaddi is being included in every SAF Games, which is played every once in two years. For the first time in the Inter-National Kabaddi scenario, India faced defeat at the hands of Pakistan and had to be satisfied with second place, winning the silver medal, in the VI SAF Games at Dacca, Bangladesh, in the year 1993. The second Asian Championship was hosted by India and was organized at Jaipur, Rajasthan. Malaysia and Japan participated for the first time in this Championship. In the XI Asian Games held in the year 1990 at Beijing, China, Kabaddi was included in the main disciplines. This was a major landmark in the history of Kabaddi. India won the Gold Medal, which was a proud and unforgettable moment for Kabaddi lovers who had strived to bring Kabaddi to the Asian platform. India has been the reigning champion in the succeeding Asian Games held in 1994 at Hiroshima, Japan and in the Asian Games held in 1998 at Bangkok in Thailand. An International Women Kabaddi tournament commenced in the year 1995, called the Nike Gold Cup, sponsored by NIKE, Japan. The III Asian Championship was hosted by Sri-Lanka in the year 2000. For the first time, Sri-Lanka secured a silver medal, defeating Kabaddi stalwarts Pakistan, in this Championship. Kabaddi will be introduced to the African countries as a demonstration sport in the Afro-Asian Games, which is to be hosted by India in the year 2002. This is a feather in the cap for Kabaddi lovers and has been made possible thanks to the efforts of Mr. J. S. Gehlot, President, Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India and the Indian Olympic Association. TOP DEVELOPMENT OF THE GAME There is a gradual but marked change in the style of the game during the past fifty years. What was once considered a game of brawn is not so now. The introduction of more techniques to the came has made it relatively easier for a player with more skill than weight to score points against better-built opponents. Over the years, the game’s pattern changed along with the rules and the size of the playfield. The concept of Kabaddi as an Indigenous Game of India first came up during the year 1921 in Maharashtra, when a certain framework of rules was prepared and the game was played on the pattern of Sanjeevani Gemini in a combined form. A special committee was constituted in 1923 which amended the rules. These rules were applied in an All India Kabaddi Tournament organized during the same year. It was the Hanuman Vyayam Prasarak Mandal, Amaravati, Maharashtra, which took up the task of organizing and developing Kabaddi in a more systematic scientific manner. This Institution believes in the maxim † A healthy mind in a healthy body†, and has been doing yeoman’s service to sports in general and indigenous games in particular, over the years. During the years 1927 to 1952, Kabaddi was played in different parts of the country based on rules framed by the various clubs and organizing committees, which mushroomed and gained in prominence. There were frequent disputes over the rules during tournaments owing to lack of uniformity in the rules and regulations followed in various parts of the country. In Maharashtra, the pioneering state to regularize the game and bring it to the National platform, Kabaddi, which was known as â€Å"Hu-Tu-Tu†, was played according to the rules framed by the Deccan Gymkhana from 1928 to I 938. The introduction of the game to the Inter-national arena as a demonstration game in the 1936 Berlin Olympics led to the inclusion of Kabaddi in the list of priority games of the Indian Olympic Committee, in the year 1940. Thereafter, Inter-provincial Kabaddi tournaments were organized biannually. The matches at the district and provincial level were played as per the rules framed by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal, while the Inter-Provincial Championships were based on Buck’s Rules of Games and Sports, published by Mr. H. C Buck, Founder principal of YMCA College of Physical Education, Madras. The Indian Olympic Games were re-named as National Games in the year 1952 and are since being organized once in a year instead of biannually. The All India Kabaddi Federation, which was formed in the year 1952 appointed a ‘Rules Sub-Committee’ with the express purpose of laying down standard rules and regulations to be followed by affiliated provincial units all over the country. A new set of rules were framed by the Rules Sub-Committee based on Buck’s Rules and the game rules followed till then by the Akhil Maharashtra Sharirik Shikshan Mandal. The game’s pattern also changed over the years, along with the standardization of rules and regulations. Some of the major changes in the game’s pattern include the introduction of the Unproductive Raid Rule, Time Out system, Bonus Line Game, etc that did not change the basic structure of the game but all the same had a lot of impact. Some of the major changes that had an impact on the game are being elaborated in this chapter for the benefit of the readers. UNPRODUCTIVE RAID RULE The Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation at the behest of certain member countries introduced the Unproductive Raid Rule. The ‘rule reads as follows. â€Å"If in three consecutive raids by a side no point is scored by either side, the opponent’s will get a point. The referee shall immediately declare such point which is to be recorded in the running score sheet by cutting the number with a cross mark â€Å"X†. The counts of such unproductive raids shall not be carried over to the game after ‘Lona’, recess at half time and to extra time. â€Å"[Rules of Kabaddi Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation 1980] As per the rule, in case no point is scored in three consecutive raids, the opponent’s side automatically gains a point. The referee is to immediately declare the point which shall be recorded in the running score sheet with the mark ‘X’. Though the score sheets records the scoring of a point, there is to be no revival of teammates as in the normal points scored. The idea behind the introduction of this rule was to make sure that the raider went all out to struggle and gain points in order to avoid the risk of giving away points to the opponent’s side through three consecutive unproductive raids. However, it did not work out the way in which it was visualized, since the game lost some of its thrill and the scores did not reflect the true picture of the team’s performance. After practicing the rule for three years in the National as well as Inter-National level, it was unanimously decided by the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation and the Amateur Kabaddi federation of India to cancel the rule. Now the rule is not in force at either the National or the inter- National level anymore. TIME OUT SYSTEM The time out system has recently been introduced in the Asian and Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India rules. Hither to, â€Å"Time Out† was allowed when called by the captain of the team, with the permission of the referee, only in the event of injury of a player, not exceeding two minutes. Even in such an instance, no player on either side was allowed to leave the court without the permission of the referee. The Time Out Rule reads: † Each team shall be allowed to take two ‘time out’ of 30 seconds in each half. Such time out may be called by the captain/coach of the team with the permission of the referee. † †¢During the time out, team shall not leave the ground. Any violation is committed by the player/s/coach; a technical point shall be awarded to the opponent team. †¢Official time out: In the event of any injury to a player only, the referee shall call such time out. Such time out should not exceed two minutes. † BONUS LINE GAME The bonus line rule came into existence in the year 1978 as an out-come of some experiments conducted during a workshop organized by the Amateur Kabaddi Federation of India in the year 1976, to make the game more interesting. The Bonus Line is a line drawn parallel to the baulk line at a distance of one meter from the baulk line towards the end line. The rule reads: †¢Bon-us Line should be drawn at a distance of one meter from the baulk line towards the end lines. †¢One point shall be awarded to the raider when he completely crosses the Bonus Line. If the raider is caught, he shall be declared out and the opponent shall be awarded one point. One point shall also be awarded to the raider for having crossed the bonus line first. In this situation, the raider shall be awarded first point. †¢The bonus line will be applicable when there are minimum six players in the court. The bonus point shall be awarded by the Referee/Umpire after the completion of the raid, by showing thumb upwards towards the side which scores. †¢There shall be no revival for bonus point. †¢The bonus point shall be marked in the shape of a triangle in the running score. †¢If the raider after crossing the bonus line reaches home court safely touching one or more antis he will be awarded one bonus point in addition to the numbers. † It is further clarified that crossing the Bonus Line is not compulsory and this rule applies only when the raider crosses the bonus line before the struggle. This rule makes the game more interesting since agile raiders can score points for their side without the risk of a struggle. A good defense is required to counter the raider’s move to cross the Bonus Line and as such, the defense will concentrate on the Bonus Line, which will make the playing area smaller and increase the game’s tempo. Without the Bonus Line, it is possible that both sides begin very cautiously and end up with zero or single digit points, which makes the match very dull and slow. It is also possible that neither the raider nor the defense will take any risk, which will make the result of the match very predictable. This rule is being followed in the Kabaddi tournaments at all levels in India and efforts are being made to include the rule at the Asian Level. In the meeting of the Asian Amateur Kabaddi Federation held during the SAF Games at Katmandu, Nepal 1999, it was decided that the Bonus Line Rule be adopted by all member countries on an experimental basis for competitions at National level so as to consider the inclusion of the rule in the next Asian Games 2002. How to cite Kabaddi: South Asian Games and Bonus Line, Essay examples

Religious Conflict in Sudan free essay sample

Today, the refugee crisis in Sudan is one of the most widely reported humanitarian concerns in the world. However, many people are unsure why millions of people have been displaced from their homes. The answer is a religious conflict that has been developing in Sudan for hundreds of years. The root causes of religious conflict in Sudan between the Muslim North and Christian South stem from primarily political sources, including historical favoritism to northern Sudanese areas, unequal political representation, and governmental oppression and marginalization of certain religious groups. For thousands of years, these causes have created boundaries that are ingrained in Sudanese history. For centuries, various Sudanese political powers throughout the country have oppressed and taken advantage of different minority groups, causing a deepening rift between parties with opposing ideologies. From the period of colonization, there has been a forced separation between the Northern and Southern parts of Sudan . Since the time of Sudanese independence, Muslim governments in the North have attempted to enforce laws of oppression and Islamification against the Christian and animist South (Deng, 2001). We will write a custom essay sample on Religious Conflict in Sudan or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This has caused a rising conflict between Muslims and minority groups who have a vision, of a secular, democratic Sudan (Deng 2001, 1). Fueling this conflict are the differing opinions between the North and South of the role of religion within government. The Muslims believe that these two institutions should be fully integrated, while the Southerners, who are generally more Christian and secular, believe that there should be a separation between the two. It seemed that best way to resolve this conflict in a permanent way was to separate Sudan into two independent countries, so that each ountry could form a governing body that rightly represents the interests and ideology of its constituents. However, when South Sudan gained autonomy in 2011, the conflict between the two groups did not end (Insight on Conflict, 2012). For centuries, Christianity and Islam have been practiced in Sudan. Although the current population of the Sudanese/South Sudanese region is mainly Muslim, Christianity was the first religion brought to the area Oewish World Watch, 2006). The spread of Christianity in the Sudan began thousands of years ago, when the region was split up into fifty different kingdoms. Around 450 AD, the Byzantine empire sent Christian missionaries into Nubia, which included present day Sudan and South Sudan, to start spreading their message. Many Nubian peoples eventually converted to different denominations of Christianity, following the lead of their rulers. Christianity remained the dominant religion in the Sudanese region for the next 1,000 years (Wheeler, 1991). For the next century, control of the Sudanese region switched hands between various nations and empires. In the 1890s, Britain, which is predominantly Christian, sought to regain control over Sudan. Christian missionaries spread their eligion in Sudan, especially the south, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries. Missions to the Sudan in this period were not exclusively English. Catholic missionaries from Italy also attempted to spread their faith into the Sudan, as evidenced by religious writing penned mainly in Italian. The diffusion of Christianity was resisted by Muslims in the North (Wheeler, 1991). About 200 years after Christianity was introduced in the Sudan, Islam began to spread into the region. the death of Muhammad, the founder of Islam, Muslim Arab armies moved west into Africa in order to conquer and convert African populations to Islam. In the 640s, Muslims invaded Nubia, conquering major cities and destroying Christian cathedrals (Metz, 1991). The attempted Arab conquest of Nubia eventually failed, but the Muslims still recognized a benefit in maintaining amicable relations in the area. Through friendly economic agreements, the Arab Muslims were able to establish a position of privilege in Nubia. Over hundreds of years, these economic agreements and the spread of Arab culture into Nubia caused some Africans to convert to Islam. In the 1800s. Muslims made another attempt to take control of the Sudanese region. They began a harsh military campaign in the area, taking many Africans as slaves. Eventually, British and Egyptian armies intervened in the situation to stop the fghting, taking control of the region Oewish World Watch, 2006). For the next century and a half, Sudan remained under Anglo-Egyptian control. Islam flourished in northern Sudan, while Christianity and tradition tribal religions remained prominent in southern Sudan. The causes of civil and religious unrest in Sudan are mainly political. Unequal resource allocation by the British government lead to a struggling southern economy. Since the time of imperial rule, favoritism has been demonstrated towards the mainly Muslim north. The British government focused most of their resources in the north, which aided development and urbanization of the area. In 1946, the British government decided to combine north and south Sudan Oewish World Watch, 2006). The majority of representative power of the newly combined country was given to Northerners. When a legislative body was established by Britain to oversee the new nation in 1948, 76 seats were given to the North and only 13 to the South, while 6 were reserved for British officials (Rothermund, 2006). This ecision further marginalized the South politically and economically. Without political representation, southerners could not express their needs and wishes. Without basic necessities and attention from the British government that controlled it, south Sudan continued to struggle. This caused southern citizens to become resentful towards their government and northern counterparts. In 1956, when Sudan gained independence from Britain, the northern-dominated government in Khartoum sought to Arabize and Islamize the South. It had two motives: a belief that homogenizing the country would ensure national unity and a desire to spread what hey considered to be a superior civilization (Deng, 2001). The South orchestrated a rebellion in fear that they would be further oppressed and marginalized if they refused to convert. This rebellion lead to the first Sudanese civil war, in which up to 1. 5 million southern Sudanese people were killed Oewish World Watch, 2006). The Addis Ababa, a fragile peace agreement, was reached in 1972 to end the war, and grant regional autonomy to the South. However, in 1983, President Jafar Muhammad Numayari imposed Sharia, Muslim law, on the whole country. This immediately led to a second civil war starting in 1983 (Insight on Conflict, 2012). According to the United Nations, this conflict lasted 22 years and is estimated to have killed 2 million people and rendered another 4 million homeless. During this time, the primarily Muslim Northern government nationalized all Southern Christian schools, changed the official day of rest from Sunday to Friday, and imprisoned Christian priests and missionaries through the Missionary Societies ct A . When southern leaders motivated citizens to stand up for themselves by distributing political reading material and orchestrating protests throughout the south, they were arrested and faced severe prison sentences (Deng, 2001). This harsh, selective oppression of Christian culture by the government only exacerbated the violence. Without political representation, southern Sudanese people could not resist the government essentially illegalizing their religious and cultural practices. The southern Sudanese population responded to these actions by forming the Sudan Peoples Liberation Movement, a group that fought the oppressive government in the north (Deng, 2001). The two nations have already taken steps to resolve this conflict and end the violence by separating Sudan into two countries, Sudan and South Sudan Oewish World Watch, 2006). In July 2011, the country voted almost unanimously to grant the South independence (Insight on Conflict, 2012). However, this step forward did not solve all of the political and religious problems faced by Sudanese people. The ongoing violence in Sudan is mainly caused by both deep-rooted and more recent political reasons. Currently, border definition is a huge problem between the two countries, as 20% of the new border has not been agreed upon (Insight on Conflict 2012, 1). The governments of both countries have accused the others of supporting aggressive rebel groups and violence along the border. Although the border struggle is often seen as an economical dispute, it will ultimately be the responsibility of the Sudanese and South Sudanese government to end the fighting along the border. Additionally, a large population of refugees, numbering in the tens of thousands, has been displaced by this conflict. Many Southern Sudanese are still living in the North, with no resources or means to move back into the South, where they feel they rightfully belong (Insight on Conflict 2012, 1). The ultimate solution to end the religious conflict in Sudan is intervention by the United Nations to force the two countries to make a compromise. It is important that quick, diplomatic action is taken to resolve the border struggle between Sudan and South Sudan. Once this step is taken, further discussions can be held to determine how to best relocate refugees that have been displaced by decades of war. The two countries should then set up a legislative body that gives equal representation to both Sudan and South Sudan, so that decisions made about how to end the violence can be made fairly and cooperatively. Over half a century of almost continuous civil war has left both nations with nothing to lose, so they can work easily from the ground up. Together, these two nations can fgure out how to work together in order to benefit both economically and politically. The governments of both nations must recognize the legitimacy of the religious and political beliefs and needs of the other country. Creating a more open-minded attitude towards the conflict will make resolution much smoother. The conflict in Sudan and South Sudan is not one that can be solved easily. Although Southern Sudanese independence was a great leap forward in solving this conflict, the nations of Sudan and South Sudan must continue to cooperate in order to achieve true peace and understanding etween the governments and peoples of their nations. Creating an official governmental body to oversee the ongoing conflict and try to resolve it diplomatically instead of violently can ultimately put an end to a struggle that has been escalating for centuries. Deng, F. 2001, Winter. Sudan Civil War and Genocide: Disappearing Christians of the Middle East. Middle East Quarterly. pp. 13-21. retrieved from http:// www. eforum. org/22/sudan-civil-war-and-genocide.